定语从句由位于定语从句句首的关系词引导,分为关系代词和关系副词。其中,关系副词可代替的先行词是时间、地点或理由的名词,在从句中作状语。而关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词,并在句中充当主语、宾语、表语等成分。 关系代词在定语从句中作主语时,从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。
常见的定语从句关系代词有: 表示人的:who, whom, that, whose. 注意,在关系代词指人时,who可以在从句中做主语或宾语,而whom只能在从句中做宾语。如: The boy who are playing the piano is my brother. 正在弹琴的那个男孩是我弟弟。 The girl whom I sent the present is beautiful. 我送她礼物的那个女孩很漂亮。 She is the lady that wants to see you. 她就是想见你的那位女士。 I know a girl whose father is a lawyer. 我认识一个父亲是律师的女孩。 表示物的:which、whose、that. 如: I don’t like the city which he lives in. 我不喜欢他住的那座城市。 That notebook whose cover is black is mine. 那本封面是黑色的笔记本是我的。 She gives the best speech that I have listened to. 她做了一场我听过最棒的演讲。
一些情况只能用that做关系代词: (1) 不定代词anything, nothing, everything, all, much, few, any, little为先行词时,例如: I don’t have anything that you want.
(2) 先行词为the only, the very, the just所修饰: He is the only man that I can trust.
(3) 先行词被序数词、数词、形容词或最高级修饰时: She is the most beautiful lady that I have ever seen.
(4) 先行词既有人又有物时,如: He talked about the teachers and school that he visited.
(5) 当主句是以who或which开始的特殊疑问句时,为避免重复用that: Who is the person that you were talking to?
(6) 关系代词在从句中作表语时: He is not the man that he used to be.