非谓语动词指的是在句子中不做谓语的动词,主要包括不定式、动名词、现在分词和过去分词。如果句子中已经有了谓语动词,并且没有连词,那么其他的动词就需要用非谓语形式。可以做状语的非谓语形式有动词分词、不定式。 非谓语动词做状语有以下几种用法: 1.分词做状语 分词有现在分词和过去分词,根据动作与主语的关系决定;另外还有各种时态,根据动作发生的时间和顺序决定(doing, having done, done, being done, having been done)。 当主语与非谓语动词为主动关系时,非谓语动词用现在分词形式,如果动作发生在主句谓语之前则用having done的形式。
当主语和非谓语动词为被动关系时,非谓语动词用过去分词形式。
(1)时间状语:Working in the factory,he was an advanced worker.在工厂工作时,他是一名先进工人。 When completed, the road will be open to the public. 这条路在竣工后会正式通车。
(2)方式状语(表示伴随):He sat in the chair reading newspapers. 他坐在椅子上看报。
She came into the office, followed by her assistant. 她走进办公室,身后跟着她的助理。
(3)原因状语:Seeing the cat, the mouse ran off. 见到猫,老鼠就跑了。 Defeated by his desk mate, he felt discouraged. 由于被同桌打败,他感到气馁。
(4)条件状语:You won’t pass the exam playing computer games all day. 这样整天玩电脑游戏你是不会通过考试的。 Given more time, I can pass the exam. 如果多给我点时间,我会通过考试的。
(5)让步状语:He makes little progress though working hard. 尽管他很努力但是进步很小。
Having been told many times, he still repeated the same mistake. 尽管被告诫多次,他依然重复犯同样的错误。
(6)结果状语(过去分词一般不做结果状语):He dropped the glass, breaking it into pieces. 他把杯子掉了,结果摔得粉碎。
(7)目的状语:I put on my shoes, going for a walk. 我穿上鞋去散步。
2.不定式作状语: (1)目的状语: To know better about him, I plan to interview his friends. 为了更了解他,我计划采访他的朋友。
(2)结果状语: 不定式作结果状语和现在分词作结果状语有一些区别。不定式作结果状语常常表示“意想不到的结果”,常与only连用。另外还用于 too…to, enough to, never to, so / such … as to 等固定结构中;现在分词表示结果,是伴随谓语动词的发生而产生的自然结果,前面可加上 thus。
如 He ran to the office only to find his boss had left. 他跑进办公室却发现老板已经走了。
He died, leaving his wife with five children. 他死了,留下他妻子和五个孩子。
(3)原因状语: He is lucky to get here on time. 他能及时到这很幸运。